Morphological Study of Small Cardiac Vein, Right Marginal Vein, Posterior Vein of the Left Ventricle, Left Marginal Vein, Oblique Vein of Marshall, and Anterior Cardiac Veins in Human Hearts of Western Region of U.P – Clinical Implication

Introduction:Cardiac venous system is an important system for various cardiac interventional procedures such as cardiac catheterization. Various veins like right marginal vein, small cardiac vein (SCV), posterior vein of the left ventricle, left marginal vein, oblique vein of Marshall drain into coronary sinus. While anterior cardiac veins drain right ventricular wall directly into right atrium. Materials and Methods: An observational cross‑sectional study was conducted on thirty cadaveric hearts during a 2‑year period in Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Anatomy Department. The length, diameter of SCV, left marginal vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle, right marginal vein, and oblique vein of Marshall were taken. Results: The study reveals the length of SCV as 28.12 ± 22.87 mm. The length of right marginal vein and posterior vein of the left ventricle is having a significant correlation with age. The length of oblique vein of Marshall is lower in males as compared to females. A number of ACVs were significantly related to weight of cadaver in males. Conclusions: The present study provides data of cardiac veins for various cardiac interventional procedures.

Differential diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma by circulating microRNA

Introduction: More than 70% of lung cancer comprises nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma and is associated with poor survival outcome owing to late diagnosis. Identification of lung cancer in early stages when no clinical signs or symptoms are evident, can drastically improve the prognosis. To this end, we aimed to evaluate the changes occurring at tissue level by assessing the expression of six microRNAs (miRNAs) in lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood of histopathologically proven cases of lung AC and SCC was collected and processed for the isolation of miRNAs using commercially available kit. Primers against mir-2114, mir-2115, mir-2116, mir-2117, mir-449c, and mir-548q with loading control Caenorhabditis elegans were used. Screening was carried out in thirty cases of both AC and SCC, whereas twenty healthy controls were included. Results:Real-time polymerase chain reaction data revealed that the expression of mir-2114 and mir-449c in AC and mir-2115 in SCC was significantly upregulated. The expression of these miRNAs was also confirmed in lung AC cell line. The differential pattern of expression of these miRNAs can be used for precise diagnosis of lung carcinoma Conclusions: We have used a noninvasive technique to identify the subtype of lung cancer based on molecular genetic signatures. The results suggest that through molecular profiling of miRNA, we can screen high-risk cases for cancer interception

Study of Relation between Serum Iron and Copper Levels in Pregnant Females of Uttarakhand, India.

Introduction: Copper is an indispensable trace element required for health and also plays a very important role in successful pregnancy completion. There is insufficiency of data on serum levels of copper and its relation with serum Iron levels in pregnant women, especially in India. This loco regional pilot study was done, keeping in mind the limited information about inter relation of these two important minerals and to provide further insight about interaction of these. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprising of pregnant women, selected by random cluster sampling was conducted in the Rishikesh (Hill regions of Uttarakhand, India). The duration of the study was from 1st Dec, to 31st March 2012. Sixty pregnant women of 18 -35 years age group were included. Serum values of twenty non-anaemic, non-pregnant women volunteers in the age group of 18-35 years with no other accompanying illness were considered as controls. The blood investigations for haemoglobin and serum values of Iron and Copper were done in all these. A Krusskal I-Wallis H test was performed for analysis, followed by a Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons and a p- value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The percentage of anemia among pregnant women of present study was 46.62%. In present study 58.3% of the pregnant women were found to have hypercupremia and 71.42 % of the anemic pregnant women had hypercupremia The relatively increased serum copper in iron deficient anaemic mothers could be a compensatory mechanism to counter-act anemia. Conclusions: A thorough biochemical analysis of haemoglobin, iron and Copper during pregnancy would therefore help us access the specific nutrient role and corrective measures thereof to deal with iron deficiency anaemia and successful pregnancy completion.

History of biochemistry.

Biochemistry in broad terms is the study of the chemical composition of the living matter and the biochemical processes that underlie life activities during growth and maintenance. This article is an attempt to explore the metamorphosis of biochemistry from a pupa entwined in its own cocoon to a vibrantly colored phenomenon. Studies pertaining to this discipline of science began with Biochemistry interfaces with biology and chemistry even before nineteenth century with studies concerned with the chemical processes that take place within living cells. Modern biochemistry developed out of and largely came to replace what in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was called physiological chemistry, which dealt more with extra cellular chemistry, such as the chemistry of digestion and of body fluids. The name Biochemistry was coined in 1903 by a German chemist named Carl Neuber. However, work in this very living, aspect of chemistry had started much earlier. Claude Bernard is accredited with the Sirehood of Biochemistry. During the later part of the nineteenth century eminent scientists contributed a great deal to the elucidation of the chemistry of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. At this period some very fundamental aspects of enzymology were under close scrutiny. Study of nucleic acid is central to the knowledge of life but its fusion with biochemistry started with works of Fredrick Sanger and Har Gobind Khurana. Their experiments involved a subtle bland of enzymology and chemistry that few would have thought possible to combine. The scientists were busy removing the mist that was mitigating the light of knowledge but they still lacked an insight into the cell. In 1990's research turned to finding the structural details of cell. The field of molecular biochemistry was also progressing at an almost unstoppable speed having expanded its horizons beyond human imagination with the introduction of PCR, creating waves of appreciation from every field of medicine and then coming out of the lab to help establish better therapies for various diseases by introduction of gene therapy. Biochemistry has promises to the world of science in development of new path-breaking research and coming times would surely prove these promises to be fulfilled.